Korteweg-de Vries equation on R: Difference between revisions

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The local and global well-posedness theory for the [[Korteweg-de Vries equation]] on the real line is as follows.
The local and global [[well-posedness]] theory for the [[Korteweg-de Vries equation]] on the real line is as follows.


* Scaling is <span class="SpellE">s_c</span> = -3/2.
* Scaling is <span class="SpellE">s_c</span> = -3/2.
* LWP in <span class="SpellE">H^s</span> for s >= -3/4 [<span class="SpellE">CtCoTa</span>-p], using a modified Miura transform and the [#mKdV_on_R <span class="SpellE">mKdV</span> theory]. This is despite the failure of the key bilinear estimate [[references.html#NaTkTs-p NaTkTs2001]]
* LWP in <span class="SpellE">H^s</span> for s >= -3/4 [[CtCoTa-p]], using a modified [[Miura transform]] and the [[mKdV on R|mKdV theory]]. This is despite the failure of the key bilinear estimate [[NaTkTs2001]]
** For s within a logarithm for s=-3/4 [<span class="SpellE">MurTao</span>-p].
** For s within a logarithm for s=-3/4 [[MurTao-p]].
** Was proven for s > -3/4 [[references.html#KnPoVe1996 KnPoVe1996]].
** Was proven for s > -3/4 [[KnPoVe1996]].
** Was proven for s > -5/8 in [[references.html#KnPoVe1993b KnPoVe1993b]].
** Was proven for s > -5/8 in [[KnPoVe1993b]].
** Was proven for s >= 0 in [[references.html#Bo1993b Bo1993b]].
** Was proven for s >= 0 in [[Bo1993b]].
** Was proven for s > 3/4 in [[references.html#KnPoVe1993 KnPoVe1993]].
** Was proven for s > 3/4 in [[KnPoVe1993]].
** Was proven for s > 3/2 in [[references.html#BnSm1975 BnSm1975]], [[references.html#Ka1975 Ka1975]], [[references.html#Ka1979 Ka1979]], [[references.html#GiTs1989 GiTs1989]], [[references.html#Bu1980 Bu1980]]<span class="GramE">, ....</span>
** Was proven for s > 3/2 in [[BnSmr1975]], [[Ka1975]], [[Ka1979]], [[GiTs1989]], [[Bub1980]], ....
** One has local ill-<span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">posedness</span></span><span class="GramE">(</span>in the sense that the map is not uniformly continuous) for s < -3/4 (in the complex setting) by <span class="SpellE">soliton</span> examples [[references.html#KnPoVe-p <span class="SpellE">KnPoVe</span>-p]].
** One has local [[ill-posedness]] (in the sense that the map is not uniformly continuous) for s < -3/4 (in the complex setting) by [[soliton]] examples [[KnPoVe2001]].
*** For real <span class="SpellE">KdV</span> this has also been established in [<span class="SpellE">CtCoTa</span>-p], by the Miura transform and the [#mKdV_on_R corresponding result for <span class="SpellE">mKdV</span>].
*** For real <span class="SpellE">KdV</span> this has also been established in [[CtCoTa-p]], by the [[Miura transform]] and the [[mKdV on R| corresponding result for mKdV]].
*** Below -3/4 the solution map was known to not be C^3 [[references.html#Bo1993b Bo1993b]], [[references.html#Bo1997 Bo1997]]; this was refined to C^2 in [[references.html#Tz1999b Tz1999b]].
*** Below -3/4 the solution map was known to not be C^3 [[Bo1993b]], [[Bo1997]]; this was refined to C^2 in [[Tz1999b]].
** When the initial data is a real, rapidly decreasing measure one has a global smooth solution for t > 0 [[referencs.html#Kp1993 Kp1993]]. Without the rapidly decreasing hypothesis one can still construct a global weak solution [[references.html#Ts1989 Ts1989]]
** When the initial data is a real, rapidly decreasing measure one has a global smooth solution for t > 0 [[Kp1993]]. Without the rapidly decreasing hypothesis one can still construct a global weak solution [[Ts1989]]
* GWP in <span class="SpellE">H^s</span> for s > -3/4 (if u is real) [[references.html#CoKeStTaTk2003 CoKeStTkTa2003]].
* GWP in <span class="SpellE">H^s</span> for s > -3/4 (if u is real) [[CoKeStTkTa2003]].
** Was proven for s > -3/10 in [[references.html#CoKeStTkTa2001 CoKeStTkTa2001]]
** Was proven for s > -3/10 in [[CoKeStTkTa2001]]
** Was proven for s>= 0 in [[references.html#Bo1993b Bo1993b]]. Global weak solutions in L^2 were constructed in [[references.html#Ka1983 Ka1983]], [[references.html#KrFa1983 KrFa1983]], and were shown to obey the expected local smoothing estimate. These weak solutions were shown to be unique in [[references.html#Zh1997b Zh1997b]]
** Was proven for s>= 0 in [[Bo1993b]]. Global weak solutions in L^2 were constructed in [[Ka1983]], [[KrFa1983]], and were shown to obey the expected local smoothing estimate. These weak solutions were shown to be unique in [[Zh1997b]]
** Was proven for s>= 1 in [[references.html#KnPoVe1993 KnPoVe1993]].
** Was proven for s>= 1 in [[KnPoVe1993]].
** Was proven for s>= 2 in [[references.html#BnSm1975 BnSm1975]], [[references.html#Ka1975 Ka1975]], [[references.html#Ka1979 Ka1979]]<span class="GramE">, ....</span>
** Was proven for s>= 2 in [[BnSmr1975]], [[Ka1975]], [[Ka1979]], ....
** ''Remark''<nowiki>: In the complex setting GWP fails for large data with Fourier support on the half-line [Bona/</nowiki><span class="SpellE">Winther</span>?], [<span class="SpellE">Birnir</span>]<span class="GramE">, ????</span>. This result extends to a wide class of dispersive PDE.
** ''Remark'': In the complex setting GWP fails for large data with Fourier support on the half-line [Bona-Winther?], [Birnir?], ????. This result extends to a wide class of [[dispersive]] PDE.
* By use of the inverse scattering transform one can show that smooth solutions eventually resolve into <span class="SpellE">solitons</span>, that two colliding <span class="SpellE">solitons</span> emerge as (slightly phase shifted) <span class="SpellE">solitons</span>, etc.
* By use of the inverse scattering transform one can show that smooth solutions eventually resolve into [[solitons]], that two colliding <span class="SpellE">solitons</span> emerge as (slightly phase shifted) <span class="SpellE">solitons</span>, etc.
* <span class="SpellE">Solitons</span> are <span class="SpellE">orbitally</span> H^1 stable [[references.html#Bj1972 Bj1972]]
* <span class="SpellE">Solitons</span> are <span class="SpellE">orbitally</span> H^1 stable [[Bj1972]]
** In <span class="SpellE">H^s</span>, 0 <= s < 1, the orbital stability of <span class="SpellE">solitons</span> is at most polynomial (the distance to the ground state manifold in <span class="SpellE">H^s</span> norm grows like at most O(t^{1-s+}) in time) [<span class="SpellE">RaySt</span>-p]
** In <span class="SpellE">H^s</span>, 0 <= s < 1, the [[orbital stability]] of solitons is at most polynomial (the distance to the ground state manifold in <span class="SpellE">H^s</span> norm grows like at most O(t^{1-s+}) in time) [[RaySt-p]]
** In L^2, orbital stability has been obtained in [[references.html#MeVe2003 MeVe2003]].
** In L^2, orbital and asymptotic stability have been obtained in [[MeVe2003]].
 
==KdV-like systems==


The <span class="SpellE">KdV</span> equation can also be generalized to a 2x2 system
The <span class="SpellE">KdV</span> equation can also be generalized to a 2x2 system


<center><span class="SpellE"><tt><font size="10.0pt">u_t</font></tt></span><tt><font size="10.0pt"> + <span class="SpellE">u_xxx</span> + a_3 <span class="SpellE">v_xxx</span> + u <span class="SpellE">u_x</span> + a_1 v <span class="SpellE">v_x</span> + a_2 (<span class="SpellE">uv</span><span class="GramE">)_</span>x = 0</font></tt><br /><tt><font size="10.0pt">b_1 <span class="SpellE">v_t</span> + <span class="SpellE">v_xxx</span> + b_2 a_3 <span class="SpellE">u_xxx</span> + v <span class="SpellE">v_x</span> + b_2 a_2 u <span class="SpellE">u_x</span> + b_2 a_1 (<span class="SpellE">uv</span>)_x + r <span class="SpellE">v_x</span></font></tt></center>
<center><math>\partial_t u + \partial_x^3 u + a_3 \partial_x^3 v + u \partial_x u + a_1 v \partial_x v + a_2 \partial_x (uv)= 0</math><br ><math>b_1 \partial_t v + \partial_x^3 v + b_2 a_3 \partial_x^3 u + v \partial_x v + b_2 a_2 u \partial_x u + b_2 a_1 \partial_x (uv) + r \partial_x v</math></center>


<span class="GramE">where</span> b_1,b_2 are positive constants and a_1,a_2,a_3,r are real constants. This system was introduced in [[references.html#GeaGr1984 GeaGr1984]] to study strongly interacting pairs of weakly nonlinear long waves, and studied further in [[references.html#BnPoSauTm1992 BnPoSauTm1992]]. In [[references.html#AsCoeWgg1996 AsCoeWgg1996]] it was shown that this system was also globally well-posed on L^2. <br /> It is an interesting question as to whether these results can be pushed further to match the <span class="SpellE">KdV</span> theory; the apparent lack of complete <span class="SpellE">integrability</span> in this system (for generic choices of parameters <span class="SpellE">b_i</span>, <span class="SpellE">a_i</span>, <span class="GramE">r</span>) suggests a possible difficulty.
<span class="GramE">where</span> b_1,b_2 are positive constants and a_1,a_2,a_3,r are real constants. This system was introduced in [[GeaGw1984]] to study strongly interacting pairs of weakly nonlinear long waves, and studied further in [[BnPoSauTm1992]]. In [[AsCoeWgg1996]] it was shown that this system was also globally well-posed on L^2. <br /> It is an interesting question as to whether these results can be pushed further to match the <span class="SpellE">KdV</span> theory; the apparent lack of [[complete integrability]] in this system (for generic choices of parameters <span class="SpellE">b_i</span>, <span class="SpellE">a_i</span>, <span class="GramE">r</span>) suggests a possible difficulty.


[[Category:Integrability]]
[[Category:Equations]]
[[Category:Equations]]
[[Category:Airy]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 11 September 2007

The local and global well-posedness theory for the Korteweg-de Vries equation on the real line is as follows.

  • Scaling is s_c = -3/2.
  • LWP in H^s for s >= -3/4 CtCoTa-p, using a modified Miura transform and the mKdV theory. This is despite the failure of the key bilinear estimate NaTkTs2001
  • GWP in H^s for s > -3/4 (if u is real) CoKeStTkTa2003.
    • Was proven for s > -3/10 in CoKeStTkTa2001
    • Was proven for s>= 0 in Bo1993b. Global weak solutions in L^2 were constructed in Ka1983, KrFa1983, and were shown to obey the expected local smoothing estimate. These weak solutions were shown to be unique in Zh1997b
    • Was proven for s>= 1 in KnPoVe1993.
    • Was proven for s>= 2 in BnSmr1975, Ka1975, Ka1979, ....
    • Remark: In the complex setting GWP fails for large data with Fourier support on the half-line [Bona-Winther?], [Birnir?], ????. This result extends to a wide class of dispersive PDE.
  • By use of the inverse scattering transform one can show that smooth solutions eventually resolve into solitons, that two colliding solitons emerge as (slightly phase shifted) solitons, etc.
  • Solitons are orbitally H^1 stable Bj1972
    • In H^s, 0 <= s < 1, the orbital stability of solitons is at most polynomial (the distance to the ground state manifold in H^s norm grows like at most O(t^{1-s+}) in time) RaySt-p
    • In L^2, orbital and asymptotic stability have been obtained in MeVe2003.

KdV-like systems

The KdV equation can also be generalized to a 2x2 system


where b_1,b_2 are positive constants and a_1,a_2,a_3,r are real constants. This system was introduced in GeaGw1984 to study strongly interacting pairs of weakly nonlinear long waves, and studied further in BnPoSauTm1992. In AsCoeWgg1996 it was shown that this system was also globally well-posed on L^2.
It is an interesting question as to whether these results can be pushed further to match the KdV theory; the apparent lack of complete integrability in this system (for generic choices of parameters b_i, a_i, r) suggests a possible difficulty.